Cause of the Gravitation

Question: Will you acquaint us about the cause of the gravitation of the sun ? For when a famous follower of Newton: Lord Kelvin, was asked: “What is the true cause of the gravitation?”, he replied: “No scientist can claim that he knows the secret of the cause of the gravitation; we are completely ignorant about that; we actually know nothing about it.”

Answer: With God’s help, I shall answer and explain the secret [cause] of the gravitation. That is what my Lord has taught me of the Scripture [:the Book] and the wisdom; His surplus on me has been tremendous.

Know, then, that the cause of the gravitation is the heat, and the cause of the heat is the movement. This may be explained by this test:

Take a large piece of amber or sandarac [or plastic] or other things with similar properties, and start to rub it continuously with a piece of wool, you will find that it has become hot because of the successive movements, then put it on a small piece of straw, you will see that piece attract the straw; because that piece [of amber or plastic] has got a gravitational force, because of the heat obtained from the rubbing.

Therefore, the movement of the particles in the core of the earth causes the heat and the gravitation , and leads to the rotation of the earth around its axis.

So, every hot object has a gravitation, and every cold object has no gravitation. Therefore, if two objects: one is hot, and the other is cold, there will be a gravitation between them; because the hot object attracts the cold one. If there are two cold objects, then no gravitation will be between them. Also, if there are two objects equal in heat, then there will be no gravitation between them. But if one of them is hot while the other is less than it in heat, then the hotter object will attract the object having less heat.

Then because the sun is a flaming object, it started to attract what objects were around it that had lesser amount of heat, i.e. the planets.

As such was the earth; because of its hot core, it started to attract what objects were around it, i.e. the moon and the meteorites.

In this respect, the other planets: having a hot core like that of the earth, they started to attract the cold objects round about them, i.e. the moons and the meteorites.

Therefore, the sun is an attracting object because it is a flaming one, and the planets are attracted, because they are lesser than the sun in heat and smaller than it in volume [and mass.]

As such will the celestial objects be: any hot object is attracting, and any cold object is attracted.

[ N.B. : The late Mohammed-Ali Hassan, the interpreter of the Quran and the Bible, did not graduate at any school or college; he did not study Astronomy, Chemistry and other sciences; he only could read and write Arabic; but he was a man inspired of God.]

1- Take a pot, put some water in it and heat it till boiling, then pour the water into another pot containing cold water. Put your hand into it and you will find the hot water rising above the cold water; that is because the gravitation [of the earth] influences the cold more than the hot object.

2- Boil the water until it starts to evaporate, and watch the vapor, how it will rise upwards. Then think about the rain, and how it falls down to the ground; we all know that the vapor and the rain are water particles floating in the air, so why does the first rise upwards and the latter fall down to the ground? The answer: That is because the first is hot and the latter is cold; because the gravitation influences the cold more than the hot object.

3- Observe the flame of the fire, and how it goes upwards, as does the smoke go upwards; because it is hot, but when it becomes cold, it will start to stick to the walls, then it will fall as fine black particles.

4- We, all, know that mercury is a metal heavier than iron, but when you start heating it until it reaches to 357 degrees C., it will be converted, after boiling, into vapor that also will ascend upwards, and when it gets cold, it will again come down to the ground.

Therefore, all these experiments and observations indicate that the gravitation influences the cold object in particular.

Question: If it is true that the sun is attracting by its gravitational force, and the planets are attracted to it, then it must attract them till they will stick [and unite with] it, then what is the cause of the distance that we see between the sun and the planets?

Answer: Know that every flaming object is stationary in its place, but it rotates around its axis because of its central heat; its rotation is from right to left. While every cold object does not rotate around its axis, because there is no heat inside it that cause its movement, but merely it revolves around the object to which it is attracted by gravitation; and its revolution, too, is from right to left; because the attracting object is rotating in this way. E.g. Moon does not rotate around its axis; because it is a cold object, but it revolves around the Earth because it is attracted to the Earth by gravitation.

So, the Sun is relatively stationary in its place, but it rotates around its axis; and because of this rotation, another force issues, which is called the ‘Repelling Force’.

The Repelling Force: As much as the attracting object increases its speed of rotation, the more the objects attracted to it will increase their distance from it. And the more this speed of rotation decreases, the more the attracted object will get near to it. Suppose that the attracting object stopped its rotation around its axis, then the attracted object approaches to it until it sticks [and unites] with it, on the condition that it should not be without heat; because the object does not stop its rotation around itself unless its core heat will finish.

In summary, the distance of the planets from the sun is because of the rotation of the sun around its axis. The example of that is the ‘Round About’ (or the ‘Merry-go-round’) which children ride for amusement and playing at fairs and festivals: [See the diagram below]: You will see the ‘round about’ as much as it gets quicker in its revolution, the seats on which the children sit will get away from the axis of the round about, and spread in the space; and as much as their speed will be less, the seats will approach each other until they get nearer to the axis.

The above diagram represents a drawing of the ‘Round About’, with which children play at fairs and festivals; where you see that as much as the ‘round about’ gets quicker in its speed of rotation, the seats –on which the children are seated –will get away from the axis of the round about and vice versa.

So this is the reason for the distance of the planets away from the sun. While the second reason for that is that as much as the attracted object is cold, the gravitation will affect it more, so it will get near to the attracting object by gravitation and vice versa.

The attracted object is not identical in its movement with the movement of the attracting object; actually, the movement of the attracting object around its axis is quicker than the movement of the attracted object around the attracting one. E.g. the sun is attracting, and the earth is attracted to it, and here we see the sun complete its rotation around itself in 25 days and 5 hours, while the earth completes its revolution around the sun in 365 days; we can relate that by about 1: 14, i.e. one revolution for the earth around the sun, while the sun completes fourteen rotations around itself.

Another example is: the Moon completes its revolution around the earth once every month while the earth completes its rotation around itself in a period of 24 hours, i.e. in a ratio of about 1: 30, i.e. one revolution of the Moon around the earth for thirty rotations of the earth around itself.

Therefore, from this explanation, it is obvious that the rotation of the attracting object around itself is quicker than the revolution of the attracted object around the attracting one. And it is not possible to calculate exactly the movements of all the celestial objects; for there are small and big, hot and cold objects; therefore, the speed of movement of these objects are different. E.g. the smallest of our terrestrial planets is the planet Mercury, which completes its revolution around the sun in a period of 88 days, and the ratio of its movement is one revolution for Mercury to nearly about three rotations of the sun around its axis.

Question: If it is true that the gravitational force affects the cold object more than the hot one, then why is the revolution of the Moon around the Earth once for thirty rotations of the Earth around itself; in spite of that the Moon is a cold object; while Mercury, being a hot object and in spite of this, it completes one revolution around the sun for every three rotations of the sun around itself ?

Answer: The gravitation of the Earth is not more than about one hundredth that of the sun; because this latter is a flaming and a very hot object, and it is large in size, whereas the Earth is a small object, compared to the Sun. Moreover, the Earth has a cold surface, but its core is hot. In addition to that, the ratio of the Moon to the Earth is not like the ratio of Mercury to the Sun; for astronomers have estimated the size of the Sun to be more than one million times that of the Earth; then how about Mercury which is smaller than the Earth by about two thirds, while the Moon is larger in relation to the Earth. Actually, its size is 1/50 that of the Earth. For this reason, its attraction by the Earth is heavier [or harder], so it cannot pull the Moon around it except once for every thirty rotations of the Earth around itself.

Question: We have just known the cause of the distance of the planets from the Sun, then what is the reason for their revolution around the sun?

Answer: We have just said that every hot object is attractive, and that it rotates around itself; and because it is a flaming object, it starts rotating around itself, and attracting the planets; for they are less than it in heat and smaller in size; and because the sun rotates around itself and attracts the planets, it starts to pull them with it, so that they will revolve around it. Therefore, the revolution of the planets around the sun is the result of the rotation of the sun around itself.

Now, suppose that the sun stops its rotation, then the planets will stop their revolution too, and moreover, they will approach the sun until they stick to it. This is what I have explained; it is some of what my Lord has taught me; while the well-known American writer Arthur Pressbine said: “We have discovered that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but even the greatest scientist has to admit he is unable to discover the reason for its revolution!”

To the reader, I shall list the duration of each planet to complete its revolution around the Sun, from the book of (Al- Jawahir) – [which is a book , in Arabic language, concerned with the interpretation of the Quran, written by the late sheikh Tantawi Jawhari]:

The Planet	Its Year
Mercury	088 days
Venus	225 days
Earth	365 days
Mars	687 days
Jupiter	4333 days
Saturn	10759 days
Uranus	30687 days
Neptune	60127 days

Question: Then what is the reason for the variation in the duration taken by each planet to complete its revolution around the sun; for we see Mercury complete its revolution around the sun in 88 days, while Neptune complete it in 60127 days ?

Answer: The cause of such a thing is the distance of the planet from the sun: either it is near to it or faraway from it. So that every object near to the sun will complete its revolution in a short period, and every object faraway from the sun will complete it in a long duration.

Question: What is the reason that one object will get nearer and another may get farther ? And if the sun is attracting by its gravitation, and the planets are attracted, then they should be equal in their distances from the sun!

The first: is the variation of the planets in volume; because some of them are smaller than the Earth, and the smaller the planet is the nearer it will be to the sun, and the larger it is the farthest it will be from it.

The second: is the heat; so that the colder the planet is the nearer it will be to the sun; because the gravitation influences it more. And the more hot the planet is the farthest from the sun will it be; because the gravitation does not influence it except very little.

This is an experiment to prove my words: Take three balls of wood, different in volume, and tie each one by an elastic thread, and let the threads be equal in size and elasticity, then tie the other end of each thread to a ring, and put these rings in your index finger, and move your hand in a way that makes the balls revolve around your index finger, and go on moving your hand then you will see the large ball start to get farther from your index finger, while the smaller will be the nearest to your finger, while the medium ball will be middle in its distance, and on this basis the planet will be nearer or farther from the sun.

Answer: We said, in the preceding lines, that every hot object rotates around itself, and its rotation is because of the heat present in its core, and because of the gases that emerge from it. Therefore, even though the Earth surface is cold, its core is still very hot, so the rotation of the Earth around itself is because of the heat in its core and the movement of its internal particles. The rest of the planets are similar to the Earth in this respect. The Earth will stop its rotation, if this heat finishes, exactly as had the Moon stopped its rotation around itself. An example of that: an electric lamp on which there is a view of a fish swimming in the water, and this view revolves around the lamp.

Question 2: Is heat the only cause of the rotation of the object around itself, or is there another reason for that ?

Answer: The heat is only a secondary cause, while the chief cause is the circulation or revolution of the particles around the nucleus; because celestial objects are composed of a nucleus and particles that circulate around it in a great speed; and that will produce a tremendous heat; so it will flame and become a spiral nebula, then a star, then a sun, and when its life ends it becomes an earth. Therefore, the heat present in the celestial objects is the result of the circulation of particles around the nucleus in a great speed, exactly as is the heat in the human body the result of its blood circulation.

Question 3: The rotation of celestial objects around themselves; is it because of the circulation of particles around the nucleus, or because of the heat ?

Answer: Heat is the distinguishing mark of celestial objects; so that we can consider every hot object as alive, and we can assert that it rotates around itself. However, the life of objects is the circulation of their particles around the nucleus; whereas death of objects is the cessation of their particles from circulation around the nucleus. E.g. the human body in which the presence of heat indicates that he is alive; the cause of this heat is the blood circulation inside it. While coldness of the human body indicates his death, and the reason of such coldness is the cessation of the blood circulation. Therefore, the celestial objects which die: they become cold at first, then they may be called ‘dead’ or inanimate or not alive: like the stone, the iron, the wood …etc

Moon is an earthy and stony piece that was previously detached from our Earth; as such were the moons of the planets detached from those planets.

That is because –as it has been explained – when the earth[, that was a sun,] broke up, it became nine pieces, which started to revolve around a new sun, which is our present sun. Each terrestrial planet started to rotate around itself; and because those pieces were not spherical, but they has projections. Those projections and prominences started to detach from the planets because of their rotation around themselves, and to get away from the planets, so that those prominences became as moons of the planets.

(أوَ لَمْ يَرَوا أنّا نأتي الأرضَ نَنْقُصُها مِنْ أطْرافِها و اللهُ يَحكُمُ لا مُعقِّبَ لِحكمِهِ و هوَ سريعُ الحسابِ)

The explanation: (See they* not that We come to the earth and reduce it from its edges ? God judges and there is none to change His judgment: and He is Swift in punishment.)

--( reduce it from its edges) means: We detach their edges or prominences from them, in order that they will be spherical and those edges will become many moons that shine for them.

(أفَلا يَرَوْنَ أنّا نأتي الأرضَ نَنقُصُها مِنْ أطرافِها أفَهُمُ الغالِبون ؟)

The explanation: (See they not that We come to the earth and reduce it from its edges ? Is it then they who will overcome [Our apostle ?] )

The explanation: We decreased its mass in the past by breaking it up into nine pieces, then We reduced them from their edges, in order that the moon shines for them, and We are going to decrease them still further in the future by breaking them up, so that We make them as meteorites.

The explanation: Its characteristic is the cracking and splitting; because it cracked and split in the past, and it will crack and split still more in the future.

(اللهُ الّذي خَلَقَ السماواتِ و الأرضَ و ما بينَهما في ستّةِ أيّامٍ ...الخ)

The explanation: (It is God Who created the heavens and the earth and that which is between them in six [of the] days [of the Hereafter] …etc.)

--( that which is between them) means: the moons and the meteorites; because their position is between the planets.

Answer: Most of the terrestrial planets have moons, and astronomers discovered eight moons for Uranus, nine for Saturn, twelve for Jupiter, two for Mars while Neptune has only one moon. [Later they calculated sixteen satellites for Jupiter; more satellites were discovered for Saturn; they calculated sixteen satellites for Uranus; and eight satellites for Neptune in addition to Pluto as a moon of Neptune. – the translator. ]

Answer: Because of their far distance from us, and because of their small volume.

Question 3: We know that the Moon was detached from the Earth, as we can prove that from His saying –be exalted – in the Quran, 13: 41

(أوَ لَمْ يَرَوا أنّا نأتي الأرضَ نَنْقُصُها مِنْ أطْرافِها)

The explanation: (See they not that We come to the earth and reduce it [or them] from its [or their] edges ?)

Then why did He say مِنْ أطْرافِها)) i.e. (from its [or their] edges) in plural ? and why didn’t He –be exalted – say : ‘from its edge’ in singular ?

Answer: We said that if the ‘earth’ is mentioned alone, without mentioning the ‘heavens’, and if there is no ‘and’ between them; then He –be exalted – means by the ‘earth’: all of them, i.e. all the planets; so (reduce them from their edges) means: We reduce Mars by detaching from it its two moons, and We reduce Jupiter by detaching from it its moons, and reduce Saturn by detaching from it its moons, and as such are the rest of the terrestrial planets.

The interpretation: We reduce each planet of its edges; in order that the planet will be spherical; and the edges will be the moons that will shine for the inhabitant of that planet.

(لا الشمسُ يَنْبغي لَها أنْ تُدرِكَ القَمَرَ ولا اللّيلُ سابِقُ النّهارِ و كُلٌّ في فَلَكٍ يَسبَحُون )

The explanation: (It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, neither does the night outstrip the day; but each [of the sun, the moon and the earth] is swimming along into a [specific] orbit.)

Answer: God –be exalted – tells us that the sun, even though it is so big and so hot, and even though it is an attracting object; and the Moon: even though it is so small, devoid of heat and being an attracted object; in spite of these conditions, the sun cannot overtake the moon, and pull her to him; that is because of its being faraway from the sun and being nearer to the earth. All of that has only been possible with Our wisdom and by Our will.

The Moon is a stony object, spherical in shape; its core is cold, but only its face which is in front of the sun is hot. For this reason, it does not rotate around its axis like the earth, but it revolves around the earth once monthly.

God –be exalted –said in the Quran, 31: 16, telling about Luqman’s (Tobias’) exhortation to his son:

(يا بُنَيَّ إنّها إنْ تَكُ مِثقالَ حَبّةٍ مِنْ خَردَلٍ فتكنْ في صَخرَةٍ أو في السماواتِ أو في الأرضِ يَأْتِ بِها اللهُ إنّ اللهَ لَطيفٌ خَبيرٌ .)

The explanation: ( ‘My son, even if [the righteous deed] be [as trivial] as the weight of a grain of mustard seed*, or in a rock or in the heavens or in the earth, God will bring it forth [for judgment]; surely, God is Most Kind, Most Aware.)

The ‘rock’, here, means the moon. Actually, God –be exalted –said في صَخرَةٍ i.e.( in a rock), and He didn’t say ‘in the rock’; because He means: in one of the moons; for this reason, He didn’t mention the word ‘the’.

* Mustard-seeds: are seeds, very small in size, black and irritant; its leaves are large like the leaves of radish or chard, used with salt and vinegar as a pickle for eating. Its taste is very sharp like that of the garden peppergrass.

(إنّ اللهَ لا يَغفرُ أنْ يُشرَكَ بِهِ و يَغفِرُ ما دُونَ ذلكَ لِمَنْ يَشاءُ )

The explanation: (God pardons not associating [anything] with Him, but pardons anything short of that, to whomsoever He pleases.)

The Moon has two sides: one side always confronts the earth, so it sometimes appears as a crescent, other times it appears as a full moon; that is because of the reflection of the sun-light on it and because of its revolution around the earth. But we cannot see the other side because it is opposite to the visible side.

Half of the Moon is always lightened; its light is obtained from the sun, while its other half is dark and no light on it; i.e. in one half of the Moon there is day, and in the other half there is night. The duration of the Moon day is about fifteen of our days, and so is the duration of the Moon night; that is because of its revolution around the earth, and the transferring of sun-rays upon its surface from one side to another.

If you observe the Moon on the third night of the [lunar] month [see the diagram above], or on the twenty-seventh night, you will see it spherical, but the lightening will be in the shape of a crescent, while the rest will appear darker; from this [observation], you can realize that the Moon is spherical in shape.

The Moon revolves around the Earth, and because of its revolution and the shining of sun rays on it, we see it as a full moon one time, and another time we see it as a crescent, and another time we do not see it at all.

Look at no. 1 in the diagram, you will see the circle of the Moon dark, and nothing of it can be seen; in this condition the Moon is said to be in its waning: that is in the last night of the month. In this night, it disappears completely from our sight, because at this night it exactly lies between the Sun and the Earth, so that its lightened face is towards the Sun, while the dark one is towards the Earth; therefore, we cannot see any part of it.

Then it starts deviating towards the north in the following night, so that a small part of it will appear, as it is seen in no. 2, when it is called a crescent.

Then it goes on in its progress in its orbit around the Earth, little by little until it will be seen as half a circle; that is on the seventh night of the month. In this condition, the Moon is said to be in the first quarter: no. 3.

And it continues in its progress around the Earth, so that more of it will appear to our sight until it will become an incomplete circle, when it is called ‘the gibbous’: no.4.

Going on in its orbit around the Earth, it will be a complete circle in the fourteenth night, when it is called the ‘full moon’; because its lightened face is totally towards both the Earth and the Sun; i.e. opposite to its condition in its waning. For this reason, we see all of its lightened face, and we do not see any part of the dark face: no.5

After that, and because of its revolution around the Earth, its shape starts to decrease returning to its initial phases, until it will again be as a gibbous: no.6

Then it will appear as half a circle, when it will be in the ‘the last quarter’: no.7

Afterwards, its lightened face will disappear from our sight, that only a small part of it can be seen, so that it will be a crescent as it began, but its convexity will be towards the eastern horizon: no.8

Then it disappears from our sight, when it is in its waning. Its revolution around the Earth lasts 29 ½ days.

[ NB. This subject was written at about the year 1947AD or (1366AH), before the space exploration and invasion by man, and before the landing of the first man on Moon. At that time, they postulated many theories and wrote many fictions about the life on Moon, while the late Mohammed-Ali Hassan said the true thing, even though he was not qualified and did not graduate at any college or school; for he merely can read and write in Arabic; but he was a man inspired of God.]

Man has the ambition to travel to Moon, Venus and Mars; for tourism therein and for exploring the unknown, then to return to Earth.

As regards Moon; there is no life, no water and no plant on it; because Moon is a small object, and according to the fact that the small object becomes cold before the big one, it became cold before the earth by thousands of years, and its internal heat finished. And due to the fact that the heat is the cause of the revolution of the object around itself, the Moon had stopped from rotation, and now it does not rotate around itself. The proof of that lies in the fact that we always see only one of its two faces.

About the claim of astronomers that “it completes its rotation around itself in the same time as it completes its revolution around the Earth”; this is not correct, and does not rely on a sound base. [See the picture below, of ‘a father playing with his child’, and its explanation. Moon revolves around Earth, but does not rotate around itself.]

And because the small object is attracted to the big one, and that the cold object is attracted to the hot one; therefore, Moon was attracted to the Earth because it is much smaller than the Earth, and because the Earth is a hot object, while the Moon is a cold one.

Moreover, because the Earth rotates around itself –due to its internal heat – the Moon started to revolve around it because it is pulled to it by gravitation.

An example of that: It is like a man playing with his child [See the picture above.] He holds both hands of his child and rotates with her, so that you see the father stationary in his place, but he rotates around himself, and you see the child revolving around her father, but she is not rotating around herself; and you see the child’s face confronting her father’s face, while the father is going on in rotation around himself.

Now let us consider the father to resemble the Earth, and his hands resemble the gravitational pull, and the child to resemble the Moon, so likewise that the child revolves around her father, but she does not rotate around herself; the earth is going on attracting the Moon to it – because of the gravitation of its core – and pulling the Moon to revolve around it – because of the rotation of the Earth around itself [i.e. Moon revolves around Earth, showing only one face , the other side being unapparent, but it does not rotate around itself.]

Therefore, the Moon completes its rotation around the Earth once monthly, so the Moon’s day equals 15 of our days, and its night is like the day in duration. The day of the Moon is very hot, and the night is very cold.

In the Moon, there is little amount of gases harmful to man; therefore, the traveler to Moon cannot stay there for long time, but he may only stay for one day, then he will return to the Earth.

So, if man lands on the day side, there he will find high degrees of temperature, and will find the ground of the Moon very hot. While if he lands on the night side, there he will find severe coldness.

This is what I had written before their traveling to the Moon, but they overcame these difficulties by making space-crafts and aids, and they traveled to the Moon. Their first arrival to the Moon was on 20^th.July, when two men landed on the Moon surface in the year 1969AD. , then they returned to the Earth by their space-craft. Afterwards, the journeys to Moon continued successively.

Answer: Man, always, likes exploration, and wishes to check what the science has discovered about celestial objects, and to see the Earth on which he dwells while it is moving in the ethereal waves, swimming along in the space, rotating around itself, and circling around the sun like a butterfly circling around a lamp. Then he will take the photograph of the Earth from the Moon surface, and look at its continents by the telescope. At that time, he will see himself on a new land, other than that on which he was dwelling, and for him there will be a new moon, i.e. the Earth itself, larger than that which he was seeing from the Earth, by fifty times.

Question 2: If we travel to the Moon, then we look to the Earth, shall we see it in the shape of a full moon –always and every day – or will it appear as a crescent, then as a full moon, as is the case with our Moon ?

Answer: The appearance of the Earth from the surface of the Moon is just like the appearance of the Moon from the Earth, and no difference between the two. So, as we see the Moon, likewise we shall see the Earth as a crescent one time, and as a full moon another time, but the difference between the two is that the Moon appears to be small in size, while the Earth appears fifty times larger than it. The other difference is that we can see one of the two faces of the Moon, while as regards the Earth: we can see all its continents, so that if we look at it by the telescope, while we are on the surface of the Moon (and when the Earth is at its full moon phase), then we shall see it like a [movie film displaying to us its continents, mountains and seas, and what it contains on its surface during a 24-hour period: so as if we have made tourism round the Earth, and traveled all those long distances by this short period.

The volume of Venus was two-thirds that of the Earth, but later it shrunk, so that its volume becomes somewhat smaller. It was completing its rotation around itself in a period of 16 hours, so that its day was 8 hours, so was its night. But Venus stopped its axial rotation, and now it does not rotate around its axis; therefore, the day and night of Venus have become everlasting, and they do not succeed each other, because of the depletion of its internal heat, and because heat is the reason for the rotation of an object around itself.

The central gravitational force of Venus was keeping what living organisms were on it, just like the Earth, but it finished since the depleting of its central heat; and, actually, Venus became like our Moon, having no gravitation except that which it obtains from the sun heat, and that is in the day-side, i.e. the side which is in front of the Sun.

Venus, in the past, was inhabited; for there were human beings, animals, plant, trees and other things; but the life on Venus ended because of its standstill from axial rotation, and all its inhabitants died, its rivers dried and its trees burnt; therefore, whosoever was on the day-side died from excessive heat and thirst, and whosoever was on the night-side died from excessive coldness and starvation. If anyone goes to Venus and lands on the day-side, he will die from excessive heat; and if he lands on the night-side, he will suffer there from severe coldness and lack of food, and the Sun may draw him by its gravitation so he will die because or its rays [or heat]; that is because Venus is devoid of gravitation, and because of being near to the Sun. The traveler to Venus, then, will find towns, houses, clubs and shops, but will not see anyone dwelling therein; he will see furniture and property, but will not see any owner of them; he will see rivers but without water; and trees but they have been burnt by the Sun heat.

Mars is larger than Earth by less than two times; it completes its rotation around itself in a period of about 44 hours. Therefore, its day is 22 hours, and so is its night, and its year equals about two of our years. Mars is inhabited and contains plant, trees, animals, human beings, mountains, rivers, seas and other things. Hence, the dwelling in Mars is suitable; because the traveler to Mars will find the water there available; he, too, will find ample food and much fruit, but we don’t know whether the weather, the temperature, and air-constituents there are suitable or not for the man of Earth; but we think that man can overcome these difficulties, or at least he can adapt himself to them.

Earth rotates around itself because of its central heat, so that the day and night result from its rotation, but this heat will finish because of the eruption of volcanoes and the emergence of fire and gases to the outside, and it will stop from its axial rotation as time and years pass by, just as how had Mercury and Venus stopped before.

Consequently, the day and night will be everlasting and will not succeed each other, so that the heat will become very severe on the day-side; therefore, rivers will evaporate, trees will burn out, animals will perish and people will die at that time from severe heat, thirst and starvation; while those dwelling in the night-side will die from severe coldness and starvation. At that time, death will be on Earth and life on Mars.

(حتّى إذا أخذَتِ الأرضُ زُخرُفَها و ازّينتْ و ظَنْ أهلُها أنّهم قادرونَ عليها أتاها أمرُنا ليلاً أو نَهاراً فَجَعَلْناها حَصيداً كَأنْ لَمْ تَغْنَ بِالأمسِ )

The explanation: (Till when the earth is decked with its ornaments [of the green plant and colorful flowers] and is embellished [with much plant and fruit], and its people think they have power of disposal over it[s crops: about to harvest it;] there comes to it Our order, [to destroy it], by night or day, and We make it stubble, as if it did not flourish only the day before.)

Comment: Americans took photographs of certain areas of Mars by their space-crafts in the year 1965A.D., and they said that nothing appeared in the photos which might indicate signs of the existence of life on Mars. I say that the camera caught part of the uninhabited desolate desert of Mars, by chance, and did not view the inhabited region of Mars, in order to transmit its picture to the Earth, and this will take place in the future.

Astronomers are primarily concerned today in the search for the possibility of life on other planets like Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and the other planets. They prepared everything possible for that; they planned for it, and even they designed signs and marks which they broadcasted throughout the space to find their way by them and for mutual understanding with any intelligent creature that might be existent on the other planets.

In this respect, we can assure that this will take place by God’s will. Sooner or later, the humanity will one day face an exciting, and may be a fruitful, meeting between the inhabitants of Earth and the inhabitants of one [or more] of the terrestrial planets. Mars may be the most anticipated planet for this event, because of the information that astronomers have obtained about it, and which affirm the existence of water and other essentials of life on its surface.

To confirm my words about such anticipated meeting between the inhabitants of Earth and the inhabitants of some other planets, I refer to the word of God, in the Quran,42: 29

(و مِنْ آياتِهِ خَلْقُ السماواتِ و الأرضِ و ما بَثَّ فيهِما مِنْ دابّةٍ و هو على جَمعِهم إذا يَشاءُ قديرٌ .)

The explanation: (And [one] of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and what He has spread abroad therein of beasts [: moving creatures]; and He is All-Able to gather them if He wills.)

--( And [one] of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth) It means: Among His signs that indicate His existence is the creation of the terrestrial planets including the earth,

--( and what He has spread abroad therein of beasts [: moving creatures] ) i.e. the creatures [:animals and human beings] that move on these planets including the Earth.

Here, there is a clear declaration about the possibility of meeting between the inhabitants of some of the planets and the inhabitants of Earth. But if God –be exalted – meant by that the ‘gathering-together’ of the Judgment Day, when souls will be gathered together for judgment, then He would not mention that with (if He wills), but the Quranic revelation would come in an affirmation form, as it is noticed in many Quranic revelations concerning the gathering and congregation on the Day of the ‘gathering-together for Judgment then the reward or punishment; e.g. His saying –be highly exalted –in the Quran, 36: 53

(إنْ كانتْ إلاّ صَيحةً واحدةً فإذا هُمْ جميعٌ لّدَينا مُحضَرُون .)

The explanation: (It [will] be but one shout [of the angel Israfel], and behold! they will all be brought to Us [:to the gathering-together in the space.] )

(و نُفِخَ في الصُّورِ فَإذا هُمْ مِنَ الأجداثِ إلى رَبِّهم يَنْسِلُون .)

The explanation: ( And when the ‘Horn’* will be blown; behold, they will go up –from the graves – in crowds, to their Lord [: to the gathering-together in the space.] )

[*i.e. the cold crust that will be formed for the sun at the end of its life, and the blowing will be that of the gases rushing out through a crack in the crust, resembling the horn, in which ancients used to blow.]

[A Comment by the translator: Notice, dear reader, that the external shape of the horn [of animals] is like volcano rocks which result from the cooling of the volcanic lava.]

In addition, God –be exalted – specified this meeting with His Ability to accomplish it, and that is by saying قدير i.e. (All-Able); because it is very difficult to mankind at the present to make such a meeting without some aid for that. But nothing is difficult to God, the Glorious, the Almighty Who is All-Able to gather between the people of Earth and the inhabitants of some other planets like Mars for example, in this life of the World before the Hereafter; and that is by inspiring man the science and knowledge to achieve his goodly ambition to explore the unknown in the horizons of the heavens and earth.

However, we don’t want to precede or anticipate the events before their occurrence, but we expect many tremendous achievements in Astronomy.

Astronomers claim that the Asteroids are small planets or planetoids that revolve around the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and most of them complete their revolution in three and a half years, while some others complete that in six years. However, most of them cannot be seen with the unaided eye except Physta.

I say that the Asteroids are not small planets, but are satellites of the terrestrial planets, just like the meteorites and moons. The asteroid, that completes its revolution around the sun in a short period, is a satellite of Mars; whereas that which completes it in a longer period is a satellite of Jupiter. Or they may be some flaming objects just like the comets. If they were some terrestrial planets, then they should be [very] near to the sun; because of their small volumes, according to the rule of the pulling force and the repelling force. [See also the article concerning the Asteroids just before the subject of ‘Formation of the Planets’.

Celestial objects are not equal in their distances from Earth. Therefore, it may happen that one object passes in front of another object, between us and the far one. This will lead to hiding of the far object from our sight.

In the eclipse of the sun: it happens that Moon passes exactly between Earth and Sun, so as to hide its light from us. Here, the reader may ask: How is it possible for the Moon to hide the Sun light, while it is bigger than the Moon by much many times ?

The answer is that the Sun and the Moon appear to be equal in size; because the Moon is nearer to the Earth than it is to the Sun. The ratio between the distance of each of the two objects is nearly equal to the ratio between their sizes.

However, it may happen that the Moon passes exactly between us and the Sun. Those, [people] that are present opposite to their centers, will see the Moon, when the eclipse is complete, covering all the face of the Sun. This is what we call ‘The Total Eclipse’.

But when the Sun is at its nearest distance, then its face will be larger than the face of the Moon, and this latter will be seen to cover its face, except a narrow ring left around it, this is what astronomers call: the ‘Annular Eclipse.’

If the Moon passes in front of part of the Sun, then the eclipse will be ‘Partial’.

Before the completion of the total or annular eclipse, the Moon passes across the face of the Sun. After the completion of the eclipse, the Moon starts to unveil the Sun gradually and slowly until the unveiling is complete, and it returns back to its initial state of light and shining.

The eclipse of the Moon is different from that of the Sun; and the explanation of this is that the Earth has a shadow extending behind it to a distance of about 900 000 miles, and when it happens that the Moon falls within this shadow, during its revolution in its orbit around the Earth, then there will be a Complete Eclipse of the Moon.

Astronomers, now, are able to calculate the dates of the eclipse of the Sun and the eclipse of the Moon, and to anticipate their timing before their occurrence.

In one year, there might be no eclipse of the Moon; sometimes, there are two eclipses for the Sun and three for the Moon. More often there are five for the Sun and two for the Moon, but mostly the eclipse of both Sun and Moon do not exceed four only.

Meteorites are cold objects, having no heat; because they are earthy pieces, which are also called the Celestial Rocks. They are variable in size: some of them are as big as a mountain, while others are more larger, or may be smaller; the smallest of them are about half cubic meter.

They are attracted to Earth by gravitation, just like the Moon; because they are cold objects, while the Earth is hot. In like manner, each terrestrial planet has its own meteorites, attracted to it by gravitation.

Their distances from the Earth vary according to their volumes; therefore, the small will be near to the Earth, and the big will be far from it; according to the rule of the pulling and repelling forces.

These meteorites revolve with the Earth from right to left, just like the revolution of the Moon. The big ones among them contain rain water and snow; for they are nearer to the Earth than they are to the Moon. On them there are some plants; and some of the small animals live there which are not much harmed by coldness like frogs, fish and something like that.

The origin of meteorites is from the remnants of some planets that were broken up in the ancient times, after their Doomsday. They include large amounts of metals: like iron, lead, chrome, nickel, platinum and others. Sometimes, some of them may fall in Europe and other parts of the world, and people there find these metals included in these meteorites.

One of nice tales is that a meteorite or a celestial rock fell in Punjab (: a district in the north west of the Indian subcontinent.) The emperor Jehangere made, from its iron, a sword which people called ‘The Thunderbolt Sword.’

There is a meteorite in the American Museum of Natural History at New York, which weighs 36 ½ Tons; its volume is about 385 cubic feet.

In the year 1908A.D., a meteorite weighing more than 136 Tons fell in Siberia plains near Fenovara.

It is assumed that more than forty thousand Tons of ash, dust and meteoritic rocks fall on the Earth every day.

In Iraq, a meteorite fell near Kirkuk city and broke up. It weighed about 35 Kg, and that was on the 20^th.of August 1977AD. It fell at day time; its color was grey with some crystallization, and its pieces were taken to the museum.

It was mentioned in the Al-Hilal magazine, no.295, of the year 1975, under the title of:

“Spanish pioneers heard the Indians, dwelling at the north of Argentina, speaking about some masses of iron that had fallen from the sky, at the ‘Heaven Fields’, as they called it at that time.

Immediately, some teams were formed in the years 1774-1776, to investigate that , hoping to find some amounts of silver, like that they had before found at Peru.

The samples, they obtained, indicated that they were of pure iron. But the Spanish adventurers did not satisfy with what they discovered, so they sent some other teams to search, hoping to discover some iron mines.

The officer Michel Rubin De Sless, a man of the Spanish Royal Navy, was chosen for this job. He continued the operations of excavation, but the accumulated sand had buried under it another mass weighing 15 Tons, which has never been discovered afterwards.

Later on, in 1808, another mass was discovered, in the same region, weighing one ton. Scientists were convinced that it was one of the meteorites that had fallen upon the Earth; so they sent it to the British Museum at London.

In summary, we say that meteorites originally were some inhabited earths, which contained plant, animal and man; just like our Earth, and they were attracted by gravitation to that sun that had broken up into many pieces, and those [earths or planets] were circling around it. When that sun cracked, its [planets] also cracked and broke up altogether with it, and they became meteorites.

As such will our Earth be when its Doomsday will take place; because it will be broken up and become meteorites.

When the meteorites are mentioned in the Quran, they are mentioned by the word ‘mountains’; this will be explained later on, when we shall speak about mountains.

(فلمّا جاءَ أمْرُنا جَعَلْنا عاليَها سافِلَها و أمْطَرْنا علَيها حِجارةً مِنْ سِجِّيلٍ مَنضودٍ . مُسوّمةً عندَ ربِّكَ و ما هيَ مِنَ الظّالِمِينَ بِبَعيدٍ .)

The explanation: (And when Our decree issued, We made their [houses] high parts their low parts. And We rained down upon them packed sedimentary stones, marked [i.e. having marks from their origin by sedimentation], with [the knowledge of] your Lord [O Mohammed.] And they are never far from the transgressors.)

(إنْ نَشأْ نَخسفْ بِهم الأرضَ أو نُسقِطْ عليهم كِسَفاً مِنَ السماءِ ...)

The explanation: (Did We will We would cleave the land open with them, or bring down on them [some] fragments from the sky …etc.)

The interpretation: If We will We would make, to fall on them, some meteorites from the space; the ‘fragments’, here, means the meteorites.

(و إنْ يَرَوْا كِسفاً مِنَ السماءِ ساقِطاً يَقولوا سَحابٌ مر كوم .)

The explanation: ( But if they should see some fragments of the sky falling down, they would say: “ [It is only some] ‘Accumulating Clouds’. ” )

(و أنزَلْنا الحديدَ فيهِ بأسٌ شديدٌ و مَنافِعُ لِلنّاسِ ... الخ.)

(And We sent down the iron [included in the meteorites falling down from the space], in which are both keen violence and [many] advantages to people, …etc.)

(و تَرى الجِبالَ تَحسَبُها جامِدةً و هِيَ تَمرُّ مَرَّ السحابِ صُنْعَ اللهِ الّذي أتْقَنَ كلّ شيءٍ إنّهُ خَبيرٌ بِما تَفعَلونَ .)

The explanation: (And you [man] see [or think about] the mountains, and suppose them fixed [or stationary], while they pass by like the passing of clouds – God’s handiwork, Who has perfected everything. He is All-Aware of the things that you [people] do.)

The ‘mountains’, here, means the meteorites; the proof of that is their liking to the cloud, because the meteorites move above us like the cloud. That is according to His perfection of His creation and work. It is He Who perfectly made everything.

On the other hand, the astronauts, who went in the space crafts, saw the Earth mountains move with the movement of the Earth.

Question 1: How do these meteorites move in the space, and do not fall on the earth?

Answer: They are [in this respect] like the Moon; for it does not fall on the Earth; because the Earth has a gravitational force due to the heat of its core, and it has a repelling force due to its rotation around itself.

Question 2: If these meteorites are truly present in the space, then why can’t we see them? While God – be exalted – said in the Quran 27: 88 (و تَرى الجِبالَ) i.e. (And you [man] see [or think about] the mountains) ?

Answer: Because they are small objects, and we may see some of them in the sky, but we may, then, think that they are stars.

As regards the Arabic word تَرَى i.e. (see [or think about, or know] ), in Arabic, means to think about or know, and does not here indicate: to look at. God – be exalted – said in the Quran, 105: 1

(ألَمْ تَرَ كيفَ فَعَلَ ربُّكَ بِأصحابِ الفيلِ ؟) The explanation: (Have you not known how your Lord dealt with the host of the Elephant ?)

Question 3: We all know that the Earth is rich in its raw iron, then why was He –be exalted – Gracious and Generous with us by making the fall down of iron included in the meteorites, while it is very little compared to the raw iron present on the Earth? For God – be exalted – said in the Quran,57: 25 (و أنزلْنا الحديدَ فيهِ بأسٌ شديدٌ و منافعُ لِلناسِ)

i.e. (And We sent down the iron [included in the meteorites falling down from the space], in which are both keen violence and [many] advantages to people)

Answer: The iron present in the earth is a raw material, and there is no free iron in it, while that present in the meteorites is a free iron, and not in its raw form. People in the ancient times, were unfamiliar with the purification of iron from its raw form; therefore, they obtained the iron from meteorites, of which they made various utensils like knives, axes, saws …etc.

However, iron is not found free in the Earth; because, it is oxidized by the oxygen of the air. While that which is in the meteorites does not oxidize because the oxygen there [in the higher atmosphere] is little in amount.

The Arabic magazine ‘Science and Life’, no.7, vol.3, March 1971, mentioned the following:

“ In Sept.1969, a meteorite fell in Australia, Merkson city. The parts of this meteorite were investigated by a group of scientists of the National Sea Transport Agency. Those scientists, by using delicate analytical methods, were able to discover sixteen amino acids in this meteorite, which are the essential constituents of the living protein. Only five among them were of the known types existent in the bodies of the organisms living on Earth. (There are twenty amino acids on Earth.)

They, too, found on this meteorite some organic compounds(: hydrocarbons) of the kind found on Earth surface.

This discovery was of great importance, not only because this event was the first of its kind in which amino acids were discovered on meteorites, or in which bacterial fossils were proved to be present, but because it was the first condition in which it is ascertained that these substances were from outside the Earth, and they did not come from contamination with the Earth substances; that was for the following reasons:

(1) Some of these amino acids have no analogue on Earth; therefore, its Earth origin was absolutely excluded.

(2) The ratio of the C130 in the Merkson meteorite, as is it in some other meteorites, differs greatly from this ratio in the Earthy life.

(3) The spectrograph of one of the hydrocarbon compound groups, present on the Merkson meteorite, differs greatly from what is present on Earth surface.

According to such clues, scientists have decided that the substances, discovered on the Merkson meteorite, are not from Earth, and that the amino acids and hydrocarbons formed in a place other than the Earth.

The discovery of some amino acids, in a small object like the Merkson meteorite, opened a new research [field] about the probability of the existence of organic substances like these or more complex than them, or the existence of living substances in some larger objects like the planets Mars and Venus.”

The mountains of Earth are four kinds: some of them were formed because of the volcanoes; others due to the wearing away and erosion, and due to earthquakes and land depressions; others because of land contraction and breaking of its surface: those latter are the Elongated Chained Mountains* [i.e. the long mountain ranges.] But most of the mountains are due to falling of meteorites upon the Earth; the mountains are still falling now and then in some countries, till the present time.

(و ألقى في الأرضِ رواسيَ أنْ تَميدَ بِكُمْ و أنْهاراً و سُبُلاً لعلّكم تَهْتَدُونَ .)

The explanation: (And He cast [mountains] that landed on the earth; lest it should irregularly move with you; and [made on it] rivers and ways; that you may find your way.*)

Those ‘that landed’ are the mountains; which, actually, are some meteorites that landed and settled on the Earth, i.e. they were fixed and became firm and stationary upon it.

(و هوَ الّذي مَدَّ الأرضَ و جَعَلَ فيها رَواسِيَ و أنْهاراً و مِنْ كُلِّ الثّمَراتِ جَعَلَ فيها زَوجَينِ اثْنَينِ ...الخ .)

The explanation: (And it is [God] Who supplemented the earth, and made [mountains] to land thereon, and [made thereon] rivers, and – of every fruit – He made, there, two spouses*[: male and female], …etc.)

(و الأرضَ مَدَدْناها و ألْقَينا فيها رَواسِيَ و أنْبَتْنا فيها مِنْ كُلِّ شَيءٍ مَوزونٍ .)

The explanation: (And the earth have We supplemented*, and cast on it heavily- landing** [mountains], and planted on it of every thing measured [or balanced.] )

[*i.e. He increased its mass by the falling on it of water, dust particles, meteorites and gases.

**i.e. firm mountains that settled or landed upon the earth, after being meteorites in the space.]

Therefore, (and [We have] cast) means: He threw or cast the meteorites from the space upon the Earth, so that they anchored on it and became the mountains.

(و جَعَلَ فيها رَواسِيَ مِنْ فَوقِها و بارَكَ فيها و قَدّرَ فيها أقْواتَها في أربعةِ أيّامٍ سَواءً لِلسائلِين .)

The explanation: (And He made [mountains] that landed upon it, blessed it, and apportioned therein its sustenance in four days; alike for those who ask [provision.] )

Moreover, God – be exalted – said in the Quran, 79: 32 (و الجبالَ أرساها) The explanation: (And the mountains He did firmly set.) The ‘mountains’ means the meteorites. It means: He fixed them upon the earth.

(و في الأرضِ قِطَعٌ مُتَجاوِراتٌ و جَنّاتٌ مِنْ أعنابٍ )

The explanation: (There are, in the earth, pieces adjacent to each other, and gardens of vines )

- (adjacent to each other) means: they neighbored each other after being dispersed in the space. Those pieces were the meteorites because they came to the earth from the space.

(و أنزَلنا الحديدَ فيهِ بَأسٌ شَديدٌ و مَنافِعُ لِلنّاسِ ...الخ .)

The explanation: (And We sent down the iron [included in the meteorites falling down from the space], in which are both keen violence and [many] advantages to people, …etc.)

It means: He sent down iron, included in the meteorites; from these [meteorites] the mountains were [also] formed.

(أفَلا يَنظُرونَ إلى الإبِلِ كَيفَ خُلِقَتْ ؟ و إلى السّماءِ كَيفَ رُفِعَتْ ؟ و إلى الجِبالِ كَيْفَ نُصِبَتْ ؟)

18- how the sky is raised high [above the earth, without pillars that they see!?

As regards the mountains which were formed from the denudation and erosion and changes in the earth surface, they are mentioned in His saying – be exalted – in the Quran, 35: 27

(أ لَمْ تَرَ أنّ اللهَ أنْزَلَ مِنَ السّماءِ ماءً فأخْرَجْنا بِهِ ثَمَراتٍ مُخْتَلِفاً ألْوانُها و مِنَ الجِبالِ جُدَدٌ بِيضٌ و حُمْرٌ مُخْتَلِفٌ ألْوانُها و غَرابِيبُ سُودٌ )

The explanation: (Do you [Mohammed] not see how God sends down [rain] water from the sky, and We bring forth therewith produce of various colors,--and of mountains[, also He brings forth therewith,] newly-formed mountains: white and red, of various colors, --and black brands of coal.)

Therefore, (and of mountains) is related to (and We bring forth therewith produce).

The interpretation: With the aid of rain water, We made new mountains. That is because the rain will solve the carbon dioxide gas present in the air, so that carbonic acid will be formed, which will solve some parts of the calcium-containing rocks present in the mountains, so it will go down to the low lands and seas, and will once again petrify, and as such will the process go on with the passing of time, until a new mountain will result.

- (and black brands of coal.) means: With the aid of rain water We formed black brands of coal. He means: the brands of coal; for it petrifies with the aid of carbonic acid formed by the rain water. Actually, God – be exalted – said غَرابِيبُ i.e. (coals) or (brands of coal) in plural; because the brands of coal are four kinds.

In summary, the meteorites and the mountains are mentioned in the Quran, by one name, i.e. جبال i.e. mountains.